Phonetics

Phonetics

Phonetics is the science which deals with how a sound or noise can be formed using some parts of the body, the lips, teeth, tongue, pharynx and lungs. Science is only to discuss the relationship between the body that produce sound.

Phonetics according to experts:

1.      Hari Murti Kridalaksana, Linguistics his dictionary, he stated that Phonetics is:

- the science that investigates income, delivery and receipt of the sounds of language, linguistics, interdisciplinary science with physics anatomy and psychology.
- the system sounds.

2.      Hartmann & F.C. Stork, M.A, Ph. D, Dictionary of Language and Linguistics

"the study of speech processes, including the anatomy, neurology and pathology of speech, the articulation, classification and perception of speech sounds"

3.      Peter Roach, Phonetics

"transcription, phonetics. The representing of speech in written form by the use of phonetic symbol"

4.      William O'Grady, Contemporary Linguistics, An Introduction

"Articulatory phonetic: One way studies the physiological mechanisn of speech production"

Assessment Phonetics taken seriously since the formation of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1886 in the West, although the books that talk about the sound of the language has been published since 1569. Although the IPA was formed in 1886, in England itself intensively cultivated phonetic study began in 1907 , named after the University of London recognizes the efforts of Daniel Jones (a famous British phonetics expert) and install it as a lecturer in phonetics at the University Callage assessment.

Branches of phonetics

·         Acoustic Phonetics

This is the study of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication and how the sounds are transmitted. The sound travels through from the speaker's mouth through the air to the hearer's ear, through the form of vibrations in the air. Phoneticians can use equipment like Oscillographs and Spectographs in order to analyse things like the frequency and duration of the sound waves produced. Acoustic phonetics also looks at how articulatory and auditory phonetics link to the acoustic properties.

·         Auditory Phonetics

This is how we perceive and hear sounds and how the ear, brain and auditory nerve perceives the sounds. This branch deals with the physiological processes involved in the reception of speech.

·         Articulatory Phonetics

Articulatory phonetics is interested in the movement of various parts of the vocal tract during speech.The vocal tract is the passages above the larynx where air passes in the production of speech. In simpler terms which bit of the mouth moves when we make a sound.
Check out this diagram to help you see where exactly the articulators are.

Segmentation is the sound produced by breathing, vocal organs and the vocal cords (Masnur, 2003)
This segmentation there are four kinds, namely consonants, vocal, diphtong and clusters.
1. consonant
Consonants are dead letters. Such as p, t, k, b, d, g
2. Vocal
Vocal are vowels life. As a, i, u, e, o
3. Diphtong
Diphtong a second voice or vocals combined with another one that sounded together. As ai, ie, ou, ue, oi, au
4. Cluster
Cluster is a double consonant letters were read one and together
Like sl (sleep), gl (gleam), kl (fit) bl (blue), etc

Besides segmentation, there is also Suprasegmentasi. Suprasegmentasi sound is the sound that accompanies the segmental sound.
1. Pressure (Stress)
2. Term / Range of time / duration (Duration)
3. Tone (Spitch)
4. Joints (Juncture) and Pause (Pause)
5. Accent (Accent)
6. Intonation
7. Rhythm

PHONETICS SYMBOL

To pronounce English words helps us a little studying English phonetics. The shortest way is with our guided reading phonetic symbols in the dictionary. Virtually every standard dictionary have the information or explanation as to how the words therein spoken. Usually in the chapters that discuss the pronunciation. Dictionary author or authors have provided sebuha list of symbols to help English learners produce sounds of English words contained in the dictionary. symbols are called The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) or simply called Phonetics Symbol. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used as the basis for the phonetic transcription of speech sounds of the which is based on the Latin alphabet and is Able to transcribe most features of speech, such as consonants, vowels, and suprasegmental features. Every documented phoneME available within the known languages ​​in the world is assigned its own corresponding symbol.

In Cambridge Dictionary Phonetics Symbol as follows:

• Vowels

• Consonants

• Diphthongs

Applications of phonetics include:

1. Forensic Phonetics:  Forensic phonetics is used for forensic (legal) purposes.
2. Speech Recognition:  In speech recognition, the recorded speech is analyzed and transcribed with the help of a computer system.

After the speech sound is reproduced, can be studied in three ways

1.      How the language sounds produced by the human vocal organs

2.      How the physical manifestation of the sounds of language

3.      How the language sounds to the listener's ears to receive sound language